Hunger, Hormones and a Lizard

Pancreas: more insulin when glucose is high (glucose-dependent), less glucagon. When blood sugar is low, the glucagon response is left intact.
Stomach: slower emptying and less acid and movement.
Brain: GLP-1 receptors in the brainstem and hypothalamus are linked to satiety and reduced food intake. Some brainstem neurons also make GLP-1 themselves.

How the body controls hunger and blood sugar, how the gut hormone GLP-1 works and why it lasts only minutes, and how Gila monster venom led to semaglutide and tirzepatide. Education, not medical advice.

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